Explain about triggers | What Are Triggers in a Database?

What Are Triggers in a Database?

🔹 Definition:

A trigger is a stored database procedure that automatically executes (or "fires") in response to certain events on a table or view. These events could be INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operations.

Triggers are often used to enforce business rules, maintain data integrity, or log activities without writing additional code in the application layer.

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🔹 When Are Triggers Used?

Trigger Type	Fires When...
BEFORE INSERT	Before a new row is inserted into the table
AFTER INSERT	After a new row is inserted
BEFORE UPDATE	Before an existing row is modified
AFTER UPDATE	After a row is updated
BEFORE DELETE	Before a row is deleted
AFTER DELETE	After a row is deleted

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🔹 Why Use Triggers?

Use Case	Example
Enforce Data Validation	Prevent inserting negative values in a salary column
Automate Auditing	Log every change made to a table into an audit table
Auto-update Timestamps	Automatically update last_modified on each record update
Maintain Data Consistency	Sync changes between related tables

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🔹 Basic Trigger Syntax (MySQL Example)

CREATE TRIGGER update_timestamp

BEFORE UPDATE ON employees

FOR EACH ROW

SET NEW.last_updated = NOW();

This trigger updates the last_updated field with the current time whenever a row in the employees table is modified.

🔹 Benefits of Using Triggers

Benefit	Description
Automated Execution	Runs automatically without user intervention
Centralized Logic	Business rules live inside the database
Ensures Data Integrity	Prevents invalid or inconsistent data
Reduces Application Code	Less logic needed in application layer

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🔹 Limitations of Triggers

Can be hard to debug if too many triggers exist
May impact performance if not carefully managed
Complex logic inside triggers can lead to unexpected behavior

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Triggers are powerful tools in relational databases that help automate processes, maintain data accuracy, and enforce business rules at the database level. While they're incredibly useful, it's essential to use them wisely to avoid performance issues or complex interdependencies.

5. Explain about triggers

Explain about triggers

A database trigger is stored code that is executed immediately after a predefined event. It is used to ensure the coordinated performance of related actions. Although implementation varies, all major relational databases support triggers.

A database trigger is procedural code that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table in a database. Triggers can restrict access to specific data, perform logging, or audit data modifications.