✅ ACID Properties in DBMS | Explain ACID properties

 

✅ ACID Properties in DBMS

The term ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. These properties are essential for ensuring that database transactions are processed reliably, even in cases of power failures, errors, or crashes.

 

🔹 1. Atomicity

Definition:
A transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit. Either all operations are completed, or none are.

Example:
If you transfer money from Account A to B:

• Debit from A ✔️
• Credit to B ✔️
  If the credit fails, the debit is rolled back.

Goal:
Ensure no partial transactions occur.

 

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🔹 2. Consistency

Definition:
A transaction must take the database from one valid state to another, maintaining all data integrity constraints.

Example:
If a rule says "Account balance cannot be negative", the system ensures this rule is still true before and after the transaction.

Goal:
Preserve the correctness of the data.

 

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🔹 3. Isolation

Definition:
Each transaction should occur independently of others, even when they run concurrently.

Example:
If two people book the last ticket at the same time, the database ensures only one succeeds, avoiding data conflicts.

Goal:
Prevent interference from other transactions.

 

🔹 4. Durability

Definition:
Once a transaction is committed, its changes are permanent, even in the event of a system failure.

Example:
If a user transfers money and gets a confirmation, the transaction will remain recorded, even if the server crashes right after.

Goal:
Guarantee data persistence after success.

 

📊 Summary Table

Property	Description
Atomicity	All or nothing – no partial transactions
Consistency	Database remains valid before and after the transaction
Isolation	Transactions don’t affect each other, even when concurrent
Durability	Committed changes are saved permanently, even after failure

 

Understanding ACID properties is essential for ensuring data reliability and correctness in any application that uses a database—especially in banking, e-commerce, and enterprise systems.

 

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Explain ACID properties.

 ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that database transactions are processed reliably. In the context of databases, a single logical operation on the data is called a transaction. For example, a transfer of funds from one bank account to another, even involving multiple changes such as debiting one account and crediting another, is a single transaction.

Atomicity : 

Atomicity requires that each transaction be "all or nothing": if one part of the transaction fails, the entire transaction fails, and the database state is left unchanged. An atomic system must guarantee atomicity in each and every situation, including power failures, errors, and crashes. To the outside world, a committed transaction appears (by its effects on the database) to be indivisible ("atomic"), and an aborted transaction does not happen.

Consistency : 

The consistency property ensures that any transaction will bring the database from one valid state to another. Any data written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including constraints, cascades, triggers, and any combination thereof. This does not guarantee correctness of the transaction in all ways the application programmer might have wanted (that is the responsibility of application-level code) but merely that any programming errors cannot result in the violation of any defined rules.

Isolation : 

The isolation property ensures that the concurrent execution of transactions result in a system state that would be obtained if transactions were executed serially, i.e. one after the other. Providing isolation is the main goal of concurrency control. Depending on concurrency control method, the effects of an incomplete transaction might not even be visible to another transaction.[citation needed]

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Durability : 

Durability means that once a transaction has been committed, it will remain so, even in the event of power loss, crashes, or errors. In a relational database, for instance, once a group of SQL statements execute, the results need to be stored permanently (even if the database crashes immediately thereafter). To defend against power loss, transactions (or their effects) must be recorded in a non-volatile memory.