Explain any three aggregate functions with examples

Aggregate Functions are keywords in SQL used to manipulate values within columns for output purposes. A function is a command always used in conjunction with a column name or expression. There are several types of functions in SQL. An aggregate function is used to provide summarization information for an SQL statement, such as counts, totals, and averages.

MIN - returns the smallest value in a given column

MAX - returns the largest value in a given column

SUM - returns the sum of the numeric values in a given column

AVG - returns the average value of a given column

COUNT- returns the total number of values in a given column

COUNT(*) - returns the number of rows in a table

SQL Aggregate Functions: SQL Aggregate Functions operate on complete sets of data and return a single result. PointBase supports five Aggregate Functions: AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and SUM.

AVG

The AVG Function returns the average value for the column when applied to a column containing numeric data. The following is the syntax for the AVG Function.

AVG (column_name)

Example : SELECT AVG(commission_rate) FROM sales_rep_tbl

COUNT

The COUNT Function returns the number of rows in a specified result set. The following syntax is one form of the COUNT Function:

COUNT(*)

Example : SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales_rep_tbl

The second form of the COUNT Function returns the number of rows in a result set where the specified column has a distinct, non-NULL value. The following syntax is the second form of the COUNT Function.

COUNT(DISTINCT column_name)

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MAX

The MAX Function returns the data item with the highest value for a column when applied to a column containing numeric data. If you apply the MAX Function to a CHARACTER value, it returns the last value in the sorted values for that column. The following syntax is for the MAX Function.

MAX(column_name)

Example : SELECT MAX(commission_rate) FROM sales_rep_tbl

MIN

The MIN Function returns the data item with the lowest value for a column when applied to a column containing numeric data. If you apply the MIN Function to a CHARACTER value, it returns the first value in the sorted values for that column. The following syntax is for the MIN Function.

MIN(column_name)

Example : SELECT MIN(commission_rate) FROM sales_rep_tbl

SUM

The SUM Function returns the sum of all values in the specified column. The result of the SUM Function has the same precision as the column on which it is operating. The following syntax is for the SUM Function.

SUM(column_name)

Example : SELECT SUM(ytd_sales) FROM sales_rep_tbl

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Explain Any Three Aggregate Functions with Examples

In SQL and many database systems, aggregate functions play a vital role in summarizing large volumes of data. These functions perform calculations on multiple rows and return a single value as output. They are most commonly used with the GROUP BY clause and are crucial in data analysis, reporting, and decision-making.

Whether you’re preparing for an interview, working on a data-driven project, or learning SQL for the first time, understanding aggregate functions will improve your data handling skills.

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What Are Aggregate Functions?

Aggregate functions process a set of values and return a single summarized result. These functions are used to perform mathematical operations on columns of data such as totals, averages, minimums, and maximums.

Three Common Aggregate Functions in SQL

1. COUNT()

Purpose:
Returns the total number of rows that match a specified condition.

Syntax:

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees;

Example:
If you want to count how many employees exist in the employees table:

SELECT COUNT(*) AS TotalEmployees FROM employees;

Use Case:
Used to count records, such as total users, transactions, or entries in any dataset.

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2. SUM()

Purpose:
Returns the total sum of a numeric column.

Syntax:

SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;

Example:
To get the total salary paid to employees:

SELECT SUM(salary) AS TotalSalaries FROM employees;

Use Case:
Ideal for calculating total sales, expenses, profits, or resource usage.

3. AVG()

Purpose:
Calculates the average value of a numeric column.

Syntax:

SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;

Example:
To find the average employee salary:

SELECT AVG(salary) AS AverageSalary FROM employees;

Use Case:
Commonly used in performance reporting, financial analysis, and KPI tracking.

Real-Life Benefits of Using Aggregate Functions

Feature/Function	Benefit
COUNT()	Quickly measure the volume of records
SUM()	Calculate total revenue, expenses, or scores
AVG()	Track average performance, salary, rating, etc.
Fast Computation	Optimized for large datasets
Easy Integration	Used in reports, dashboards, and business analytics

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Top 5 FAQs on Aggregate Functions

Question	Answer
What is an aggregate function?	An aggregate function performs calculations on multiple rows and returns a single value.
Can aggregate functions be used with GROUP BY?	Yes, they are often used with GROUP BY to group and summarize data.
What does COUNT(*) do in SQL?	It counts all rows in the result set, including NULL values.
Is it possible to use WHERE with aggregate functions?	WHERE filters rows before aggregation, while HAVING filters after.
What is the difference between SUM() and AVG()?	SUM() adds all values in a column; AVG() returns the average of those values.