Define deadlock with example | 🔒 What is a Deadlock?

🔒 What is a Deadlock?

A deadlock is a situation in a multi-process system where two or more processes are waiting for each other indefinitely to release resources, and none of them can proceed.

In other words, each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource that is held by another process, causing a circular waiting chain.

📌 Formal Definition

A deadlock occurs when a group of processes are each waiting for resources that the other processes in the group are holding, and none of them can proceed.

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⚙️ Deadlock Conditions

For a deadlock to occur, all four of these conditions must hold simultaneously (known as Coffman Conditions):

Mutual Exclusion – Only one process can use a resource at a time.
Hold and Wait – A process is holding at least one resource and waiting to acquire additional resources held by others.
No Preemption – A resource cannot be forcibly taken from a process holding it.
Circular Wait – A set of processes are waiting for each other in a circular chain.

📚 Example of Deadlock

Let’s say we have:

Process A
Process B
Resource X
Resource Y

Scenario:

Process A has Resource X and needs Resource Y to finish.
Process B has Resource Y and needs Resource X to finish.

Now:

A waits for B to release Y.
B waits for A to release X.

Neither process can proceed—they're stuck waiting for each other. This is a deadlock.

Diagram Representation:

Process A → holding Resource X → waiting for Resource Y

Process B → holding Resource Y → waiting for Resource X

This creates a circular wait, leading to deadlock.

🚫 Real-Life Analogy

Imagine two cars crossing a one-lane bridge from opposite sides:

Each car waits for the other to back up.
But neither wants to move.
Both are stuck — a deadlock!

✅ Summary

Aspect	Description
Definition	A state where processes wait forever for resources
Cause	Circular resource dependency
Conditions	Mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, circular wait
Resolution	Avoid, prevent, detect, or recover from deadlock

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6. Define deadlock with example.

Define deadlock with example

In a database, a deadlock is a situation that occurs when two or more different database sessions have some data locked, and each database session requests a lock on the data that another, different, session has already locked. Because the sessions are waiting for each other, nothing can get done, and the sessions just waste time instead. This scenario where nothing happens because of sessions waiting indefinitely for each other is known as deadlock.

Database deadlock example:

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What is SAP Landscape?

Suppose we have two database sessions called A and B. Let’s say that session A requests and has a lock on some data – and let’s call the data Y. And then session B has a lock on some data that we will call Z. But now, lets say that session A needs a lock on data Z in order to run another SQL statement, but that lock is currently held by session B. And, let’s say that session B needs a lock on data Y, but that lock is currently held by session A. This means that session B is waiting on session A’s lock and session B is waiting for session A’s lock. And this is what deadlock is all about!