Explain about triggers | What Are Triggers in a Database?
What Are Triggers in a Database?
🔹 Definition:
A trigger is a stored database procedure that
automatically executes (or "fires") in response to certain events on
a table or view. These events could be INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
operations.
Triggers are often used to enforce business rules, maintain data integrity, or log activities without writing additional code in the application layer.
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🔹 When Are Triggers Used?
Trigger Type |
Fires When... |
BEFORE INSERT |
Before a new row is inserted into the table |
AFTER INSERT |
After a new row is inserted |
BEFORE UPDATE |
Before an existing row is modified |
AFTER UPDATE |
After a row is updated |
BEFORE DELETE |
Before a row is deleted |
AFTER DELETE |
After a row is deleted |
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🔹 Why Use Triggers?
Use Case |
Example |
Enforce Data Validation |
Prevent inserting negative values in a salary column |
Automate Auditing |
Log every change made to a table into an audit table |
Auto-update Timestamps |
Automatically update last_modified on each record update |
Maintain Data Consistency |
Sync changes between related tables |
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🔹 Basic Trigger Syntax
(MySQL Example)
CREATE TRIGGER update_timestamp
BEFORE UPDATE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
SET NEW.last_updated = NOW();
This trigger updates the last_updated field with the current
time whenever a row in the employees table is modified.
🔹 Benefits of Using
Triggers
Benefit |
Description |
Automated Execution |
Runs automatically without user intervention |
Centralized Logic |
Business rules live inside the database |
Ensures Data Integrity |
Prevents invalid or inconsistent data |
Reduces Application Code |
Less logic needed in application layer |
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🔹 Limitations of Triggers
- Can be
hard to debug if too many triggers exist
- May
impact performance if not carefully managed
- Complex
logic inside triggers can lead to unexpected behavior
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Triggers are powerful tools in relational databases that help automate processes, maintain data accuracy, and enforce business rules at the database level. While they're incredibly useful, it's essential to use them wisely to avoid performance issues or complex interdependencies.
5. Explain about triggers
Explain about triggers
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