Describe the Multiplexing techniques for digital signal transmission

Multiplexing is a technology to transfer digital or analog data in daily use devices like telephone and television. Here, we discuss the various multiplexing technologies used for data transmission.

Multiplexing is a method of combining multiple analog massage signals or digital data streams into one signal. The objective of this technology is to share an expensive medium for transmitting multiple signals. Actually, the low-level communication signals are divided into high-level logical channels using this technology. Furthermore, each channel is then used for transmitting one message signal or data stream.

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Time Division

The time division multiplexing technology uses a multiplexor to collect and store incoming signals from the slow lines connected to it by distributing a time slot on the fast link to each in turn. The message signals are sent one after another. They are then received and separated by a demultiplexor according to the time slot provided for each signal. The transmission speed of the fast link is equal to the sum of all the slow speed signals coming into the multiplexor.

There are two methods of time division multiplexing.

Synchronous TDM

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The multiplexor used in this method distributes equal time to each device connected to it. It gives the time slot for the device, too, that doesn’t transmit any signal at a particular time, which means this method gives a time slot to each device whether they are transmitting signals or not. This is the main drawback of this system because there would be many times when the distributed time slices are not being used. Therefore, this method doesn’t provide maximum line usage and efficiency. It is used basically in T1 and E1 connections.

Asynchronous TDM

The asynchronous multiplexing technique is far better than synchronous multiplexing. In this system, time slots are allocated only for devices that have something to transfer. Therefore, this technique requires more processing time than synchronous TDM. However, we achieve maximum efficiency and line usage using this technique. Asynchronous Transfer Mode network is a well-known data transfer system that uses this technology.

Multiplexing Techniques for Digital Signal Transmission

 

Multiplexing is a technique used in digital communication systems to transmit multiple signals over a single communication channel or medium. It increases the efficiency of bandwidth usage and reduces hardware and transmission costs by combining multiple data streams into one.

Why Multiplexing Is Needed

• To maximize the utilization of bandwidth
• To transmit multiple signals simultaneously
• To reduce the need for separate transmission lines
• To lower costs and improve transmission efficiency

 

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Types of Multiplexing Techniques

There are three primary types of multiplexing techniques used in digital signal transmission:

 

1. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Definition:

TDM divides the time frame into multiple slots, and each digital signal is assigned a unique time slot in a repeating cycle.

Types:

• Synchronous TDM: Time slots are pre-assigned even if no data is available.
• Asynchronous (Statistical) TDM: Time slots are allocated dynamically based on active data streams.

Key Features:

• Used in digital telephone networks
• Efficient for fixed, high-speed digital systems

 

2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Definition:

FDM allocates a unique frequency band to each signal, and all signals are transmitted simultaneously over different frequency ranges.

Key Features:

• More common in analog systems
• Requires bandwidth separation (guard bands) to prevent overlapping
• Used in cable TV, radio, and DSL internet

 

3. Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) or CDMA

Definition:

Each signal is assigned a unique code. Multiple signals are transmitted over the same channel simultaneously, and receivers use the code to extract the correct data.

Key Features:

• Highly secure and robust
• Used in mobile communications (e.g., 3G networks)
• Suitable for noisy channels and wireless transmission

 

Comparison Table of Multiplexing Techniques

Technique	Based On	Used In	Advantage
TDM	Time Sharing	Digital phone systems, ISDN	Efficient use of time slots
FDM	Frequency	Analog signals, radio, cable TV	Simultaneous transmission on single link
CDM	Code Sequence	Wireless networks, mobile systems	Secure and resistant to interference

 

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Benefits of Multiplexing

Benefit	Description
Bandwidth Efficiency	Multiple signals over a single medium
Cost Reduction	Fewer transmission lines required
Scalability	Easy to add more users or channels
High Utilization	Maximizes the use of transmission infrastructure
Simplified Infrastructure	Reduces complexity in network design

 

Multiplexing is a fundamental concept in digital communication systems that enables efficient, reliable, and scalable transmission of data across networks. Whether through TDM, FDM, or CDM, each technique serves different needs and environments, from wired to wireless systems.

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Understanding these techniques is critical for students, network engineers, and IT professionals working in data communication, telecommunications, or digital system design.