Explain about TDM | 📡 What is TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)?
📡 What is TDM (Time
Division Multiplexing)?
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a digital or
analog multiplexing technique where multiple signals are transmitted
over a single communication channel, but one at a time, in rapid
succession, using assigned time slots.
Instead of using separate lines for each data stream, TDM
allows efficient sharing of bandwidth by giving each signal a fixed
time interval to send data over the channel.
🔍 How Does TDM Work?
Imagine a single highway used by multiple cars, but each car
is allowed to drive on the road for a short, fixed period before the next car
takes its turn. Similarly, in TDM:
- Each
signal (or data stream) is given a time slot
- Data
from different sources is transmitted sequentially in that time
slot
- The
cycle repeats continuously and rapidly
This happens so fast that the receiving end can separate
each stream as if they were being sent continuously.
🧠 Key Features of TDM
- Only one
signal transmits at a time
- Each
user or device gets a predetermined time slot
- The
channel remains idle if a time slot is unused (in synchronous TDM)
- Ideal
for digital signals
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🧾 Types of TDM
1. Synchronous TDM
- Time
slots are pre-assigned, even if the sender has no data to send
- Bandwidth
can be wasted if devices remain idle
- Simple
and predictable
- Used
in systems like Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
2. Asynchronous TDM (Statistical TDM)
- Time
slots are assigned dynamically based on demand
- No
bandwidth is wasted — more efficient
- More
complex and needs buffering and synchronization
- Used
in packet-switched networks
📊 Comparison Table
|
Feature |
Synchronous TDM |
Asynchronous TDM |
|
Time Slot Allocation |
Fixed |
Dynamic (based on traffic) |
|
Bandwidth Utilization |
Less efficient (idle time slots) |
High efficiency |
|
Complexity |
Simple |
More complex |
|
Buffering |
Not required |
Required |
|
Example Use |
T1/E1 lines |
Statistical multiplexers |
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📚 Real-World Applications
of TDM
- Telecommunication
systems (e.g., T1, E1 lines)
- Digital
TV broadcasting
- Voice
over IP (VoIP)
- Satellite
communication
- Wireless
communication (2G GSM networks)
🔑 Advantages of TDM
- Efficient
use of a single communication channel
- Avoids
the need for multiple wires or paths
- Easy
to separate signals at the receiving end
- Scalable
for adding new data streams
⚠️ Disadvantages of TDM
- Time
slots are wasted if a sender has no data (in synchronous TDM)
- Requires
synchronization between sender and receiver
- Buffering
delays in asynchronous TDM
What is SAP Landscape?
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TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) is a powerful method for transmitting multiple data streams over a single channel by assigning time slots. It helps in maximizing bandwidth usage and is fundamental in many communication technologies.
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